Nuclear proliferation | Wikipedia audio article |
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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation 00:02:51 1 Non-proliferation efforts 00:08:58 2 Dual use technology 00:11:02 3 International cooperation 00:11:11 3.1 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 00:12:17 3.2 International Atomic Energy Agency 00:13:44 3.3 Scope of safeguards 00:17:24 3.4 Additional Protocol 00:20:03 3.5 Limitations of safeguards 00:21:50 3.6 Other developments 00:25:22 4 Unsanctioned nuclear activity 00:25:32 4.1 NPT Non Signatories 00:27:59 4.1.1 India 00:34:50 4.1.2 Pakistan 00:42:19 4.1.3 North Korea 00:46:22 4.1.4 Israel 00:50:20 4.2 Nuclear arms control in South Asia 00:54:29 4.3 NPT signatories 00:54:38 4.3.1 Egypt 00:55:20 4.3.2 Iran 00:56:44 4.3.3 Iraq 01:00:50 4.3.4 Libya 01:02:04 4.3.5 Myanmar 01:04:20 4.3.6 North Korea 01:12:01 4.3.7 Russia 01:13:07 4.3.8 South Africa 01:14:19 4.3.9 Syria 01:15:20 5 Breakout capability 01:16:03 6 Arguments for and against proliferation 01:17:37 6.1 Total proliferation 01:18:30 6.2 Selective proliferation 01:20:04 6.3 Arguments against both positions 01:22:58 6.4 Proliferation begets proliferation 01:24:43 6.4.1 Iran 01:26:10 6.4.2 India 01:27:22 6.5 Security guarantees Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.9482135412900757 Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT. Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons, as governments fear that more countries with nuclear weapons will increase the possibility of nuclear warfare (up to and including the so-called "countervalue" targeting of civilians with nuclear weapons), de-stabilize international or regional relations, or infringe upon the national sovereignty of states. Four countries besides the five recognized Nuclear Weapons States have acquired, or are presumed to have acquired, nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. None of these four is a party to the NPT, although North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985, then withdrew in 2003 and conducted announced nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017. One critique of the NPT is that the treaty is discriminatory in the sense that only those countries that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 are recognized as nuclear weapon states while all other states are treated as non-nuclear-weapon states who can only join the treaty if they forswear nuclear weapons.Research into the development of nuclear weapons was initially undertaken during World War II by the United States (in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada), Germany, Japan, and the USSR. The United States was the first and is the only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war, when it used two bombs against Japan in August 1945. After surrendering to end the war, Germany and Japan ceased to be involved in any nuclear weapon research. In August 1949, the USSR tested a nuclear weapon, becoming the second country to detonate a nuclear bomb. The United Kingdom first tested a nuclear weapon in October 1952. France first tested a nuclear weapon in 1960. The People's Republic of China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964. India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974, which prompted Pakistan to develop its own nuclear program and, when India conducted a second series of nuclear tests in 1998, Pakistan followed with a series of tests of its own. In 2006, North Korea conducted its first nuclear test. |