Dr. Kellie Carter Jackson, author of the new book, “We Refuse: A Forceful History of Black Resistance,” discusses the various forms of resistance Black people have used against racism and discrimination throughout history. While nonviolence is a cornerstone of the Civil Rights Movement, in response to extreme forms of white supremacy, Dr. Carter Jackson offers examples of Black folks arming themselves and engaging in self-defense. But the book also features joy as a form of resistance, arguing in the face of oppression that defiant joy can turn into hope, then revolution.

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