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Can You eat Fruit on Keto? YES! Here's When You Should

Insulin Variations Study - BMC Medical Genomics


This study found that you start your day with insulin sensitive muscles and insulin resistant adipose tissue, which reverses its trend towards the night, when you end up with the opposite

The showed that the diurnal effect dominates the transcriptome of the human adipose tissue, with more than 25% of the transcribed genes being diurnally regulated

The circadian gene, PER1, was prominent among the genes with significantly higher expression in the morning versus the afternoon or evening, with up to a 10-fold change in some patients for PER1 mRNA expression

Genes that were positively correlated with PER1 mRNA levels included those involved in fructose and mannose metabolism and glycolysis (PFKFB, FUK, MPI, PFKM):

A number of genes encode enzymes in glucose, mannose and fructose metabolism (PFKFB3, FUK, MPI, PFKM), with high expression levels in the morning and a decline in the afternoon through the evening, following the trend of PER1

Conversely, "fuel accumulation" genes, such as those involved in cholesterol biosynthesis (HMGCR, HMGSC1), LDL receptor (LDLR), and glucose transport (GLUTS 1, 3, 5 and 14) have low levels in the morning and rise in the afternoon (negatively, correlated with PER1 mRNA.)

Moreover, the results demonstrated robust regulation of the core clock gene, PER1, and of genes encoding for ribosome processing and biogenesis and inflammatory processes

Ribosome biogenesis genes were on the diurnal incline, with levels rising by afternoon and remaining constant until evening

Ribosome biogenesis is an indicator of cellular activity and, in this case, most likely driven by the AKT/PI3K/mTOR pathway

Fasting

This study also looked at the effect of fasting on diurnal rhythm as well (from 9pm to Noon the next day)

Found that fasting actually causes a temporal delay in the diurnal rhythm, thereby extending the catabolic state of the adipose (into the afternoon)

In other words, genes that were upregulated in the fasting arm were positively correlated with PER1 expression

https://bmcmedgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1755-8794-2-7

That’s why it makes sense to eat fat heavy and calorie rich meals earlier in the day for breakfast and lunch

Your body tends to oxidize fats for energy more during the day, and it’s primed more for storing them later in the evening

Fructose Genes

Fructose 6-phosphate (sometimes called the Neuberg ester) is a derivative of fructose, which has been phosphorylated at the 6-hydroxy group

The great majority of glucose and fructose is converted to fructose 6-phosphate upon entering a cell

MPI

Mannose-6 phosphate isomerase (MPI), alternately phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) is an enzyme which facilitates the interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate (F6P)

The PFKM gene provides instructions for making one piece (the PFKM subunit) of an enzyme called phosphofructokinase

Specifically, the enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate to a molecule called fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (just further along the conversion path to ultimately being stored)

GLUT5

As the study stated, "fuel accumulation" genes, such as those involved in glucose & fructose transport (GLUTS 1, 3, 5 and 14) have low levels in the morning and rise in the afternoon

GLUT5 is a fructose transporter expressed on the apical border of enterocytes in the small intestine

GLUT5 allows for fructose to be transported from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte by facilitated diffusion due to fructose's high concentration in the intestinal lumen


Resources

1)https://bmcmedgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1755-8794-2-7
2)https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PFKM